• Let be a self-adjoint matrix. The Rayleigh quotient for is defined as the scalar

  • (Friedberg 6.36) For a self adjoint matrix , is the largest eigenvalue of . Similarly, is the smallest eigenvalue of .

    • Proof. Choose an orthonormal basis consisting of eigenvectors of . Represent

      Assume that the eigenvalues are sorted .

      Computing , we have

      We can clearly bound this as

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