Proposition Based

Fallacy Fallacy
- is a fallacious argument implying , therefore Y is false.
- Refutation: The fact that an argument is fallacious has nothing to do with the truth of its conclusion.
Masked Man Fallacy:
- The speaker believes that is The speaker believes that is not Therefore, is .
- Refutation: Substitution does not apply when we are talking about belief. The belief itself could be wrong, and it does not rule out the possibility of the negation being true.
Affirming the Disjunct
- or is true is true Therefore, is not true
- Refutation: The definition of the disjunct simply states at least one of its statements is true. This is insufficient to prove that is false.
Affirming The Consequent
- implies is true Therefore
- Refutation: Just because is a possible condition for doesn’t mean it is the only such condition.
Denying the Antecedent
- implies is not true is not true.
- Refutation: The implication holds only when is true. Otherwise, if is false, may or may not be true.
Illicit Affirmative
- is not is not Therefore is .
- Refutation: The argument fails to rule out the possibility that is mutually exclusive from .
Illicit Negative
- is B is Therefore is not
- Refutation: The conclusion does not follow with the premises. After all, it is established that and .

Probability Based

Appeal To Probability
- MIGHT Happen Therefore WILL Happen
- Refutation: This discounts the non-zero chance that X might not happen.
Base Rate Fallacy
- is very likely given ; is not likely; therefore is very likely.
- Refutation: This does not take into account that is not likely to happen, so by extension and are not likely to happen together either.
Conjunction Fallacy
- Refutation: The conjoint necessitates that at least happen, therefore it cannot be more likely than