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CPU pertains to the hardware that executes instructions.
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Processors are physical chips that contain one or more CPUs
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Cores are the basic computation unit of the CPU
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Multicore processors are faster up to a point of diminishing returns as many processors compete for memory.
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Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) is a system where each processor / core has its own local Cache Memory, and each local memory is connected via remote memory (called the shared system interconnect). This makes local access fast but remote access slow.